Mechanisms for the prevention of marine bioinvasions for better biosecurity

Biosecurity management allows countries to meet a number of international obligations and provides some protection from potential degradation of environmental, economic, social and cultural values. Ocean governance relies on the precepts of ecologically sustainable development to manage the multiple uses in the coastal zone. The increasing reliance on aquaculture to provide food security and economic development has led to an increase in the use of non-native target species grown as food sources. Increased economic activity has led to shifting trade patterns and increased efficiencies in vessels with the resulting increase in the number of introduced marine species via ballast water and hull fouling. Herein we review the different marine biosecurity strategies and legislation that have been implemented internationally and locally that aid in preventing and managing introduced marine species, with some attention to Australia and New Zealand as examples. Typical tools being used include quarantine, Import Health Standards, voluntary cleaning guidelines, and risk assessment, all of which aim to prevent introductions.     

AutoCAD环境下大比例尺地形图符号库的制作

本文论述了在AutoCAD环境下，大比例尺地形图符号库（点状符号、线状符号、面状符号）的定制和开发方法，并用程序予以实现，在实际工作中具有一定的应用价值。     

太阳磁场演化和湍动大气中的耀斑能量积累

In this paper we present the results of both evolution of Bibolar Magnetic Regions and flare energy buildup with supergranular diffusion. Based on these results we find (i) MHD processes including diffusion and cyclonic of turbulence play a significant role for the development of the complexities of an active region. The meridional flow controls the poleward migration of magnetic field of the active regions, (ii) The diffusion of photosphere field and the magnitude of the shear speed have important effects on the total energy storage in the solar corona.     

Isolation of PAH-degrading bacteria from mangrove sediments and their biodegradation potential

Surface sediment samples were collected from seven mangrove swamps in Hong Kong SAR with different degrees of contamination. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs in these sediments ranged from 169.41 to 1058.37 ng g⁻¹ with the highest concentration found in Ma Wan and the lowest in Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai mangrove swamp. In each swamp, three bacterial consortia were enriched from sediments using phenanthrene (Phe) as the sole carbon and energy source, and individual bacterial colony showing Phe degradation was isolated and identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence. The consortia enriched from Sai Keng and Ho Chung sediments had highest ability to degrade mixed PAHs in liquid medium, with 90% Phe and Fla (fluoranthene) degraded in 7 days. On the other hand, Kei Ling Ha Lo Wai-enriched consortia degraded less than 40% Phe and Fla. Pyrene (Pyr) was hardly degraded by the consortia enriched from sediments. Bacterial isolates, namely Rhodococcus (HCCS), Sphingomonas (MWFG) and Paracoccus (SPNT) were capable to degrade mixed PAHs (Phe + Fla + Pyr). Their degradation percentages could be lower, comparable or even higher than their respective enriched consortia, depending on the consortium and the type of PAH compounds. These results suggest that PAH-degrading bacteria enriched from mangrove sediments, either as a mixed culture or as a single isolate could be used for PAHs bioremediation.     

浅论WebGIS技术

论述GIS的发展及其优缺点,讨论WebGIS的特点以及技术实现方式。     

Distributions and removal fluxes of trace metals in the water column of the Hung-Tsai Trough off southwestern Taiwan

Vertical profiles of dissolved and particulate Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and (234)Th were determined in the Hung-Tsai Trough off southwestern Taiwan during 19-23 November, 2004. Except in the case of Cd, the distribution coefficient (K(d)) of the trace elements showed a negative correlation with the suspended particle concentration. Based on the average K(d) values, the general sequence of particle affinities for the eight trace elements is, from highest to lowest, Fe>Mn≈Pb>Zn≈Th>Cd≈Cu≈Ni. The trace metal data was coupled with the particle removal flux estimated from (234)Th/(238)U disequilibrium to investigate metal removal by particle sinking from the euphotic layer. The residence time of trace elements with respect to particle removal from the euphotic layer was estimated. A negative correlation between the residence time and the distribution coefficient for the trace metals was found.     

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in sediments of southwest Taiwan: regional characteristics and potential sources

Very little information is available on the contamination of coastal sediments of Taiwan by PBDEs and PCBs. In this study, we determined the concentrations of 19 PBDE and 209 PCB congeners in 57 surface sediment samples to identify the possible sources of PBDEs and PCBs. The total PBDE and PCB concentrations ranged from below detection limit to 7.73 ng/g and 0.88-7.13 ng/g, respectively; these values are within the ranges observed for most coastal sediments worldwide. The PBDE congeners were dominated by BDE-209 (50.7-99.7%), with minor contributions from penta- and octa-BDEs. The signatures of PCB congeners suggested that PCB residues in Kaohsiung coast may be the legacy of past use or the result of ongoing inputs from the maintenance, repair and salvage of old ships. Principal component analysis of the congener-specific composition of PBDEs and PCBs revealed distinct regional patterns that are related to the use of commercial products.     

风暴强度指数SSI

近年刊出的强对流天气分析预报文献(例如文献 [1 ]、[2 ])中 ,常常用到风暴强度指数 ( storms severity index,缩写为 SSI )。现根据检索到的部分文献中之解释 ,对其介绍如下。在 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,Miller认为 [3] :在强热力学不稳定和强动力学因子都出现时 ,才有强雷暴发展 (称“经典的 Miller个例”)。然而 ,后续的研究发现 ,这些典型条件不能包含发生的全部强天气。 Maddox等 [4] 、Vigneux等 [5]以及 Turcotte等 [6]指出 :在强热力学条件和弱的动力学条件下以及弱热力学条件和强动力学条件下也可出现强天气。与文献 [4、5、6 ]的思…     

下沉对流有效位能

在近年出版的大气对流专著中 [1 ,2 ] ,引入了一个新参数——下沉对流有效位能 DCAPE。现根据有关文献及我们的理解 ,对其加以介绍。1　对流风暴中主下沉气流的分支情况2 0世纪 80年代中期 ,Knupp[3 ]在关于美国高原地区对流风暴低空下沉气流的综合分析中 ,提出了一个如图 1所示表示主下沉气流分支情况的概念模式。他们将主下沉气流分为以下几类 :发源于行星边界层 (PBL )内的先上升后下沉气流 (a) ;发源于行星边界层以上的先上升后下沉气流 (b) ;发源于中层的下沉气流 (c)。图 1　对流风暴中主下沉气流的分支情况 [3 ]　　在降水积云中…